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Francisco Lopes Suasso
Francisco Lopes Suasso, second Baron d'Avernas le Gras (''ca.'' 1657 – 22 April 1710) was a banker and financier of the Dutch Republic. He was also known within the Sephardic community as Abraham Israel Suasso.
==Background and early life==
After being expelled from the Iberian Peninsula, most of the Sephardic Jews settled in trading cities such as London and Antwerp. By the late sixteenth century they were arriving in Amsterdam and The Hague. The Lopes Suassos were a rich old Sephardic family of Marranos, or Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity under pressure from the Portuguese Inquisition, but once in Amsterdam they openly returned to their true religion, Judaism.〔
Suasso was born in Amsterdam, the eldest son〔Daniël Swetschinski, Loeki Schönduve, ''De familie Lopes Suasso, financiers van Willem III'' (Waanders, 1988), p. 47: "Francisco Lopes Suasso ''alias'' Abraham Israël Suasso was de eerste zoon en trouwde in 1682 in Hamburg met Jeudit Teixeira, de dochter van Manuel Teixeira alias Isaac Senior Teixeira en Beatrix Nunes Henriques."〕 of the banker Antonio Lopes Suasso (1614–1685), also known as Isaac Israel Suasso, by his marriage to Violenta de Pinto, a member of another rich old Sephardic family.〔〔 His father, who had himself been born in Bordeaux, was one of the richest and most famous Portuguese-Jewish merchants in the Amsterdam of his day.〔 The date of Francisco's birth, probably between 1657 and 1660, is uncertain. He had four sisters, Ribca (1655–1695), Rachel (1659–1685), Elisheba (1663–1746) and Esther (1669–1679), as well as a younger brother, Jacob, who died young.〔(Francisco Lopes Suasso ) at jhm.nl, accessed 3 March 2012 (in Dutch)〕
The family retained a sense of belonging to Spain, and on 3 January 1676 Suasso's father received from Charles II of Spain the title of ''Baron d'Avernas le Gras'' in recognition of his diplomatic services. The title was drawn from a ''seigneurie'' owned by Suasso in the Duchy of Brabant named Avernas le Gras.〔Christophe Butkens, ''Trophées tant sacrées que profanes du Duché de Brabant'', vol. 3 (1726), p. 129: "CHARLES par la grace de Dieu Roy de Castille &c. Sçavoir faisons, que pour le bon rapport que fait nous a esté de nostre cher & bien amé Antoine Lopez Suasso, Seigneur de la Terre & Seigneurie d'Avernas le Gras, en nostre Pays & Duché de Brabant, & de ses tres signalez services, qu il nous auroit rendu, és occasions de grandissime importance... ledit Antoine Lopez Suasso, Baron, & sadite terre & Seigneurie ''d'Avernas le Gras'' située en nostre Pays & Duché de Brabant, créé & erigé, comme nous la creons & erigeons, en dignité, titre, nom, cry & preéminence de ''Baronnie'' &c."〕 He also had a good relationship with the Stadtholders, and the banking house of Suasso often supported them financially.〔〔(Antonio Lopes Suasso ) at jhm.nl, accessed 3 March 2012 (in Dutch)〕
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